Supply
chain is defined as “a system of organizations, people, technology,
activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product
or service from supplier to customer.” It is the supply chain
activities that help to transform natural resources, raw materials,
and components into finished goods, which is finally delivered to the
end customer. Hence, supply chain consists of various phases such as
sourcing, procurement, storage of raw materials, production planning
and scheduling, logistics, warehousing, inventory, order fulfillment,
customer service or returns management. Let’s look at each phase in
detail to understand the reasons that make supply chain management a
challenging task.
Sourcing
Sourcing
is the process of finding, evaluating and engaging suppliers of raw
materials or services. It is a very important business process since
sourcing and procurement constitute one of the largest expenses.
Sourcing involves activities such as market research, vendor
evaluation, and negotiation of contracts.
Procurement
It
is the acquisition of goods and services that satisfies the procurer’
needs in terms of quality, quantity, location and time that too at
the best possible price.
Raw
Materials Storage
It
refers to the process of segregating, separating, and storing raw
materials so that when the production process starts the raw
materials are in good condition.
Production
Planning and Scheduling
It
refers to the process of planning, scheduling, and coordinating all
manufacturing activities. It is managing and allocating resources,
events, and processes for creating goods and services. Simply put, it
is finding answers to questions such as what, when, where and how to
produce.
Logistics
It
is “the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the
efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related
information from point of origin to point of consumption for the
purpose of conforming to customer requirements." It includes
both forward and reverse
logistics.
Warehousing
It
refers to the storage of manufactured goods and products. It includes
functions such as receipt, identification, and assembling, testing,
verification and so on.
Inventory
It
is a detailed itemized record of the finished but unsold goods.
Order
Fulfillment
It
refers to the complete process right from sales enquiry to the
delivery of the product to the customer. The different steps in the
order fulfillment process are product enquiry, sales quote, order
configuration, order booking, order confirmation, invoicing, order
planning, order processing, shipment, and delivery.
Returns
Management
It
refers to the effective management of the returned goods.
Supply
chain thus covers all the movement of a product from the point of
origin to the point of consumption. Hence effective supply chain
management is essential if the company wants to enhance company
revenue and profitability.
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